Analysis of wild macaque stone tools used to crack oil palm nuts.

The discovery of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) nut-cracking by wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) is important for the examine of non-human primate and homianin percussive behaviour. Up till now, solely West African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and fashionable human populations had been identified to make use of stone hammers to crack open this explicit hard-shelled palm nut.

The addition of non-habituated, wild macaques will increase our comparative dataset of primate lithic percussive behaviour centered on this one plant species. Here, we current an preliminary description of hammerstones utilized by macaques to crack oil palm nuts, recovered from energetic nut-cracking areas on Yao Noi Island, Ao Phang Nga National Park, Thailand. We mix a techno-typological method with microscopic and macroscopic use-wear evaluation of percussive harm to characterize the percussive signature of macaque palm oil nut-cracking instruments.

These artefacts are characterised by a excessive diploma of battering and crushing on most surfaces, which is seen at each macro and microscopic ranges. The diploma and extent of this harm is a consequence of a dynamic interaction between quite a lot of components, together with anvil morphology and macaque percussive methods. Beyond the behavioural significance of those artefacts, macaque nut-cracking represents a brand new goal for primate archaeological investigations, and opens new alternatives for comparisons between instrument utilizing primate species and with early hominin percussive behaviour, for which nut-cracking has been regularly inferred.

Quantification and Distribution of the 16SrIV-D Phytoplasma in the Wild Date Palm, Phoenix sylvestris, at Different Stages of Decline Using Quantitative PCR (qPCR) Analysis.

The discovery of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) nut-cracking by wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) is important for the examine of non-human primate and hominin percussive behaviour. Up till now, solely West African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and fashionable human populations had been identified to make use of stone hammers to crack open this explicit hard-shelled palm nut.

The addition of non-habituated, wild macaques will increase our comparative dataset of primate lithic percussive behaviour centered on this one plant species. Here, we current an preliminary description of hammerstones utilized by macaques to crack oil palm nuts, recovered from energetic nut-cracking areas on Yao Noi Island, Ao Phang Nga National Park, Thailand. We mix a techno-typological method with microscopic and macroscopic use-wear evaluation of percussive harm to characterize the percussive signature of macaque palm oil nut-cracking instruments.

These artefacts are characterised by a excessive diploma of battering and crushing on most surfaces, which is seen at each macro and microscopic ranges. The diploma and extent of this harm is a consequence of a dynamic interaction between quite a lot of components, together with anvil morphology and macaque percussive methods.

Beyond the behavioural significance of those artefacts, macaque nut-cracking represents a brand new goal for primate archaeological investigations, and opens new alternatives for comparisons between instrument utilizing primate species and with early hominin percussive behaviour, for which nut-cracking has been regularly inferred.